TapDance was deployed on four ISP uplinks (two 40 Gbps, two 10 Gbps) using commodity 1U servers running a Rust/PF_RING zero-copy implementation; CPU load remained below 25% while handling a peak of ~14,000 new TLS connections per second across 34 cores, with cumulative mirrored traffic peaking at 55 Gbps across all stations.

Without per-site connection limits, popular decoy hosts risk resource exhaustion (Apache's default cap is 150 simultaneous connections); enforcing an initial limit of 30 concurrent clients per site—coordinated across stations via a central collector—kept the median site load at ~5 simultaneous clients, with the 99th-percentile site peaking at 37 after the limit was raised to 45.

§3.5, §4.3, Figure 9 deployment

Filtering candidate decoy sites by a minimum 15 KB TCP window eliminated 24% of the initial ~5,500 HTTPS hosts; a 30-second HTTP-timeout floor eliminated a further 11%; and AES-128-GCM cipher-suite support requirements eliminated an average of 32%—together reducing the viable decoy-site pool by approximately 55% before any live reachability tests.

§3.3, Figures 2–3 defense

The one-week trial served over 50,000 unique users (peak daily count: 57,000) with up to 4,000 concurrent sessions simultaneously, demonstrating that a four-station refraction deployment co-located at two mid-sized network operators can support tens of thousands of real censored users.

§4.2, Figures 4, 7 evaluation

The trial explicitly obtained no evidence about TapDance's resistance to adversarial censor countermeasures: its scale and duration were judged small enough that censors likely did not observe it, leaving theoretical censorship-resistance claims unvalidated against active blocking responses.

§2, §6 evaluation

InterSecLab's 76-page analysis of the Geedge/MESA leak (based on nine months of indexing and translating >100,000 documents) characterizes the Tiangou Secure Gateway (TSG) product line as a commercially deployable detection stack that combines deep packet inspection, real-time mobile subscriber monitoring, active probing, ML-based traffic classifiers, and granular per-region rule sets. TSG is not a research prototype — leaked documentation includes deployment timelines and client government interactions for Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar, and one unnamed country, with censorship rules explicitly tailored to each region.

2025-interseclab-internet-coup §3–§5 (InterSecLab report) dpiactive-probingml-classifiersni-blockingip-blockingtraffic-shapefully-encrypted-detect

Justice for Myanmar documents that Geedge Networks supplied Myanmar's military junta with GFW-derived surveillance and censorship infrastructure under Belt and Road frameworks following the February 2021 coup. The deployed system (Tiangou Secure Gateway / TSG) incorporates the same DPI, active-probing, and ML-classifier capabilities as the domestic Chinese GFW, giving Myanmar one of the most technically capable censorship systems in Southeast Asia.

2025-jfm-silk-road-surveillance §3, §5 dpisni-blockingip-blockingtraffic-shapeml-classifieractive-probing

Snowflake's sustained operation in heavily censored regions demonstrates that WebRTC must remain accessible to users, which in turn requires that TURN servers remain unblocked to support NAT traversal for peer-to-peer WebRTC connections. This transitive unblockability makes TURN service providers viable rendezvous channels for the Bridge Distribution Problem.

2025-vilalonga-extended §3.2 Bridge Distribution Problem ip-blockingactive-probing

TURN servers used by major applications such as Facebook Messenger for media relay are hypothesized to be less likely blocked in censored regions due to collateral damage to legitimate WebRTC traffic. Providers like Cloudflare, Metered Video, and ExpressTURN supply geographically distributed TURN infrastructure that can be used without any special configuration by a censorship evasion system.

2025-vilalonga-extended §1 Introduction & Background dpiactive-probingip-blocking

Traffic splitting across N TURN proxies (1 ≤ N ≤ M) is hypothesized to resist active probing because each TURN server responds to probing requests identically to a regular TURN server, providing no distinguishing signal. Additionally, proxy ephemerality combined with splitting allows on-the-fly migration to new proxies when existing ones are blocked, maintaining connectivity even under partial blocking.

2025-vilalonga-extended §3.3 Censorship Evasion active-probingip-blockingdpi

The paper defines Unauthenticated Push (UP) channels as a distinct archetype from signaling/rendezvous channels, characterized by three properties: strictly unidirectional delivery, no client authentication or account association required, and higher bandwidth (kilobytes to megabytes) to support software updates rather than just minimal proxy-address exchanges. This design deliberately shifts operational-security burden onto senders to approach receiver anonymity.

2025-vines-extended §1–§3 ip-blockingactive-probing