Ten Years of ZMap

A decade after the original ZMap paper, this retrospective examines how Internet-wide scanning has evolved as a research methodology and what the community has learned from running ZMap-based studies at scale. The authors review the technical evolution of ZMap (IPv6 support, scan-rate improvements, blocklist hygiene), survey the research literature it has enabled, document the operational practices that have emerged for ethical and reliable scanning, and discuss open problems for the next decade — including measurement in the IPv6 era, dealing with cloud-hosted services, and reconciling scan-based observation with privacy and consent norms.