Gaps in the Record: On the Observability and Documentation of Internet Shutdowns

Comparative analysis of 73 unmatched events (2022 onward) between IODA's automated network-level detection and Access Now's #KeepItOn Shutdown Tracker reveals systematic documentation gaps — shutdowns recorded by human reporters are frequently absent from automated measurement platforms and vice versa.

Abstract / §1 Introduction evaluation measurement-platformbgp-hijackactive-probing generic

Application-layer blocking — where censors restrict specific applications or services without disrupting IP connectivity — is invisible to network-level measurement systems like IODA that monitor BGP, active probing, darknet telescope, and Google Search traffic, making it a growing blind spot in automated shutdown detection.

Abstract / §3 Detection Gap Categories evaluation measurement-platformdpi generic

AS-targeted shutdowns — where censors restrict connectivity at specific ISPs or autonomous systems rather than imposing country-wide outages — evade country-level aggregation in automated detection systems, which are calibrated to detect national-scope disruptions.

§3 Detection Gap Categories evaluation measurement-platformasn-blackholing generic

Prolonged conflicts with gradual infrastructure recovery represent a third category of detection gap: IODA-style automated systems struggle to distinguish ongoing partial outages from normal network fluctuation, causing recovery-phase disruptions in conflict zones (e.g., Myanmar, Sudan) to go undocumented in automated records.

§3 Detection Gap Categories evaluation measurement-platform mm